Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Integrated apoptotic extracellular vesicle-recruitment peptide coating reprograms the diabetic bone microenvironment and orchestrates enhanced implant osseointegration

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.05.059

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo immunomodulatory effects of different modified surfaces in a DM model. (A) Schematic representation of the animal modeling and experimental treatment workflow. (B, C) hematoxylin and eosin staining of the peri-implant tissues in the femurs of DM rats 1 week after implantation, accompanied by quantitative analysis of the fibrous capsule thickness (scale bar = 100 μm, n = 5). (D–G) Immunofluorescence staining evaluating the polarization state of macrophages surrounding the implants (green: macrophage marker cluster of differentiation (CD) 68; red: M1 marker CD86 and M2 marker CD206; blue: nuclei), along with corresponding quantitative analysis of the fluorescence signals (scale bar = 100 μm, n = 5). (H–K) Immunohistochemical staining assessing the expression of the pro-inflammatory marker tumor necrosis factor-α and the anti-inflammatory marker interleukin-10 in the peri-implant area, with quantitative results of the positive staining areas (scale bar = 100 μm, n = 5). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, with statistical analysis performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 indicate statistical significance.

Article Snippet: For IHC analysis, sections underwent heat-induced antigen retrieval and blocking prior to incubation with antibodies against TNF-α (GB11188, Servicebio, China), IL-10 (GB11534, Servicebio, China), and VEGF (GB15165, Servicebio, China) to identify differences in local inflammatory and angiogenic profiles.

Techniques: In Vivo, Modification, Staining, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Fluorescence, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Standard Deviation